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Ukrainian state standards of sawn timber
Sawn timber of hardwoods. Specifications
Sawn timber of softwoods. Specifications
Measurements and acceptance of sawn timber. Specifications
The basic defects and their account
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THE BASIC DEFECTS AND THEIR ACCOUNT IN VARIOUS KINDS OF WOOD PRODUCTS |
|
# |
The name of defect |
The defect which is taken into account |
in round timber |
in sawn timber |
in veneer sheet |
1. |
Knots |
+ |
+ |
+ |
uncovered knot |
+ |
-- |
-- |
- round |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- oval |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- spike |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- face |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- edge |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- arris |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- end |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- stitching |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- single (scattered) |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- group |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- branched |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- intergrown |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- partially intergrown |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- unintergrown (dead or dry) |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- loose |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- sound |
+ |
+ |
+ |
--- light |
-- |
+ |
+ |
--- dark |
-- |
+ |
+ |
--- with cracks |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- decayed |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- unsound |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- tobacco |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- one-sided |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- traversing (through) |
-- |
+ |
-- |
overgrown knot |
+ |
-- |
-- |
2. |
Fissures |
|
|
|
- heart shake |
+ |
+ |
-- |
--- simple |
+ |
+ |
-- |
--- star shake |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- ring shake |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- frost crack |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- check |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- crack |
+ |
+ |
-- |
--- face crack |
-- |
+ |
-- |
--- edge crack |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- end shake |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- not traversing |
+ |
+ |
-- |
---surface check |
+ |
+ |
-- |
---deep |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- traversing |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- close |
-- |
-- |
+ |
- dispersed |
-- |
-- |
+ |
3. |
Defects of the form of a trunk |
|
|
|
fall-off |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
butting |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
- round |
+ |
-- |
-- |
- ribbed |
+ |
-- |
-- |
ovality |
+ |
-- |
-- |
woodknod |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
sweep |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
- simple |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
- multiple |
+ |
+ |
-- |
4. |
Defects of a structure of wood |
|
|
|
inclination of fibres |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- tangential |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- radial |
-- |
+ |
+ |
compression wood* |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- local |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- continuous |
+ |
+ |
+ |
tension wood ** |
-- |
+ |
+ |
curly grain |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- wavy |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- tangled |
-- |
+ |
+ |
tendril |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- unilateral |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- traversing |
-- |
+ |
-- |
eyelets |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- scattered |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- group |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- light |
-- |
-- |
+ |
- dark |
-- |
-- |
+ |
pitch-pocket |
|
|
|
- unilateral |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- traversing |
-- |
+ |
-- |
pith |
-- |
+ |
-- |
double pith |
+ |
+ |
-- |
eccentric pith |
+ |
-- |
-- |
stub |
+ |
+ |
+ |
scar |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
bark pocket |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- open |
+ |
+ |
+ |
---unilateral |
-- |
+ |
-- |
---traversing |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- closed |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- intergrown |
-- |
-- |
+ |
- light |
-- |
-- |
+ |
- dark |
-- |
-- |
+ |
canker |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
- open |
+ |
-- |
-- |
- closed |
+ |
-- |
-- |
resine streak |
+ |
+ |
+ |
false core ** |
-- |
+ |
+ |
mottle |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- tangential |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- radial |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- vein |
-- |
+ |
+ |
---scattered |
-- |
-- |
+ |
---group |
-- |
-- |
+ |
---traces from veins |
-- |
-- |
+ |
included sapwood |
+ |
+ |
+ |
water-layer |
+ |
+ |
-- |
5. |
Chemical stain |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- spent tan |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- yellowness* |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- light |
-- |
-- |
+ |
- dark |
-- |
-- |
+ |
6. |
Fungus defeats |
|
|
|
fungus nucleus stains |
+ |
+ |
+ |
mould |
-- |
+ |
+ |
sapwood fungus colourings |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- blue stain |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- color sapwood stains |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- light |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- dark |
-- |
+ |
+ |
- surface |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- deep |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- sublayer |
+ |
+ |
-- |
brown streak ** |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- face |
+ |
-- |
-- |
- lateral |
+ |
-- |
-- |
rot |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- mottley sieve |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- brown cracked |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- white ** |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- sapwood |
+ |
+ |
+ |
---firm |
+ |
+ |
+ |
---soft |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- heartwood |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- external mouldering |
+ |
-- |
-- |
hollow heart |
+ |
+ |
+ |
7. |
Biological deteriorations |
|
|
|
wormhole |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- superficial |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
- not deep |
+ |
+ |
-- |
- deep |
+ |
+ |
-- |
---large |
+ |
+ |
+ |
---not large |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- traversing |
-- |
+ |
+ |
deterioration of wood by parasitic plants |
|
|
|
- superficial |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- deep |
-- |
+ |
-- |
by bird pecks |
+ |
-- |
-- |
8. |
Foreign bodies, mechanical dama ges and defects of processing |
|
|
|
foreign bodies |
+ |
+ |
-- |
carbonification |
+ |
+ |
-- |
barking |
+ |
-- |
-- |
tapping cut |
+ |
+ * |
-- |
butt trimming |
+ |
+ |
-- |
wane |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- blunt |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- sharp |
-- |
+ |
-- |
закорина |
-- |
-- |
+ |
tooth marks |
-- |
+ |
+ |
snaking |
-- |
+ |
-- |
hairiness |
-- |
+ |
+ |
torn grain |
-- |
+ |
+ |
fringe |
-- |
+ |
-- |
notch |
+ |
+ |
-- |
sawcut |
+ |
+ |
-- |
detachment |
+ |
+ |
-- |
chip |
+ |
+ |
-- |
flag |
+ |
+ |
-- |
agnail |
-- |
+ |
-- |
shear |
+ |
+ |
+ |
teases |
-- |
+ |
-- |
dent |
-- |
+ |
-- |
dint |
-- |
+ |
+ |
fragmentary butt-end |
-- |
+ |
-- |
ripples of veneer sheet |
-- |
-- |
+ |
pinhole |
-- |
+ |
+ |
scratch |
-- |
+ |
+ |
snatch |
-- |
+ |
-- |
not milling |
-- |
+ |
-- |
comb |
-- |
+ |
+ |
polishing |
-- |
+ |
-- |
shortage of polishing |
-- |
+ |
-- |
burn |
-- |
+ |
-- |
9. |
Warp |
-- |
+ |
+ |
bow |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- simple |
-- |
+ |
-- |
- compound |
-- |
+ |
-- |
spring |
-- |
+ |
-- |
cup |
-- |
+ |
-- |
twist |
-- |
+ |
-- |
Notes:
+ - means, that defect is taken into account;
+ * - means, that defect meets only in softwoods;
+ ** - means, that defect meets only in hardwoods.
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